Historiography of the Failures of the Late Medieval Papacy Essay

Historiography of the Failures of the Late Medieval Papacy - Essay Example Particularly, their views on the causes of the fall of the papacy between 1400 and 1800 will be reviewed and compared. Reasons Ullmann’s main position with regards to the decline of the papacy during the late Middle Ages is that it was caused by the Church’s secularization. He has provided several arguments for this position. The most important of these is the allusion to the Great Schism that culminated in 1400s as the greatest crisis in the history of papacy, which, according to him, finally sank the institution enormously in European regard, dragging the Church with it as the world watched deeply pained and scandalized with the way the Church conducted its affairs during the period. There are several underlying issues entailed in this event. And these are excellently demonstrated in the way Ullmann recounted the elections of the pope. He cited the year-long process wherein the College of Cardinals elected a pope early in the fourteenth century with such bitterness of the debates and intrigue. A French-sponsored candidate was elected and because of this the papacy was moved to France wherein six consecutive French popes ruled until 1377 when the papacy finally returned to Rome. The election of the next pope saw rioting in Rome, as people clamored for a Roman pope, fearing further French influence. Ullmann highlighted how conclave, fearing for their lives, elected an Italian, who turned out later on to be not of their liking. According to Ullmann, the Reformation is not the fundamental reason for the decline of the papal authority and power. It was the succession of individuals whose sole qualifications were their wealth and Italian social status that made the papal institution fade into the background. The series of developments afterwards would then become the height of the so-called Great Schism, which severely damaged the papacy. Several popes would hold office at the same time, with a number of Church councils asserting their power further a ggravating the situation. Ullmann identified the Fifth Lateran Council, the last medieval council that aimed to reform the Church, as one of the demonstrations by which the Great Schism has damaged the papal institution: The papacy here showed itself in perhaps its worst light: instead of insisting upon the enforcement of the law it dispensed with from the observation of these decrees. And in so doing the whole panoply of papal weapons including the plenitude of power, was invoked. In a way, the fifth Lateran Council was a conciliar swan song of the medieval papacy and the precursor of Trent in this same century.1 Meanwhile, Misner also echoed Ullmann’s position, that the Church decline as undermined by the papacy has been a consequence of the corruption of the popes. Central to this argument is the system of infallibility, which, in Misner’s view, â€Å"formed a vicious cycle in which the Roman communion had imprisoned itself without hope of escape.†2 An import ant variable must be highlighted here. Misner also believed that the papal institution and the mechanisms and systems that it entails, had, not only corrupted the personalities that held the office but also provided no means of escape or alternative for a pope to pursue reform or impose a righteous regime. He noted that the pope was merely a figurehead and instrument of the system and that the Pope’s primacy could only be sustained if he upholds a corrupt system. The corruption

Insurance case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Insurance - Case Study Example shows that he gets around $6Â  875 but there are other factors that need to be taken into consideration with regards to the actual net income he will get. This gross income is subject to tax deductibles. The other issue that the Walter should seriously take into consideration is that he is still young and his family is young too. His family history of BP prevalence makes it imperative for him to prioritize his healthcare issues. It is therefore recommended that Walter should make sure that he together with his family are fully covered in terms of health policies instead of focusing on other activities that are considered luxury. It is imperative for Walter to review his monthly income and expenditure in order to be able to draw a budget that is commensurate with the disposable money available. Walter risks incurring debts that may pose a burden to him if he fails to concentrate on basic things such as life and health insurances on top of other needs. On the other hand, it can be noted that Jessica’s monthly income is little and not consistent since she survives on part time jobs. There are other issues such as tax implications that cannot be evaded so Jessica should make sure that she operates within budget in order to be in a position to meet basic needs in life. Instead of craving for fancy things which expensive at the same time, it is recommended that Jessica should at least focus on pertinent issues that will secure her life in the event of unprecedented scenarios happening. Buying an expensive car on credit does not add value to their lives. Life and health insurances are more important than other luxury expenses that seem to gobble much of her income. In this case, Jessica should revise down expenses such as entertainment, clothing as well as groceries. Essentially, Jessica should prioritize life and insurance issues considering that her children are also under her custody. Indeed, she has responsibility for them. In order to be on the safe side given her

Will the European Union Survive? :: European Union Essays

"Europe must prevent Greece from becoming an out-and-out catastrophe and make sure that the same fiscal 'remedy' is not applied to other weak economies" -- Franziska Brantner. The EU (European Union) has gone thru many changes. For some countries it has been a blessing and a huge success. For others adapting to a single currency and marketplace has been quite a struggle. The EU hopes to expand even further with the introduction of more states and become one of the largest marketplaces in the world. But will the EU survive in the long term? Is it really of benefit to its members? The EU was established in 1993. It was the EEC (European Economic Community) before that in 1967 and the ECSC (European Coal and Steal Community) in 1951. Its main focus has been for the economic development of its members. Now it seems to be more focused on government, social and legal issues. But the primary reason for the EU was to create a united states of Europe. The objective for this union is to create free trade among member states creating a more competitive market place thus developing competition and in doing so giving a better standard of living for its people. This could be said true for one of its members, Ireland. Ireland has been a textbook case for the EU. Obviously each country in the EU has its different experiences with membership. Ireland has been quite the model EU member in its ability to adapt to the concept of the EU and has seen its GDP almost double in size. Currently Ireland holds the presidency for the EU and will play host to the introduction of the newer members this summer. But has Ireland really benefited from its membership or is its success due to its nearest neighbor west, America. Since its independence from the United Kingdom in 1940 Ireland has had to establish its own economy independent from British rule. Prior to this time being a part of the British Empire guaranteed commercialism for ones country. Although it could be said to be one-sided the British Empire relied on its colonies for trade. In some respects Ireland was not an industrialist nation and was predominantly an agricultural country. In order to succeed and further develop itself she had to change its way of doing business. One of the first orders of business was to introduce a better educational system.

Children and Young People Behaviour Essay

Describe the benefits of encouraging and rewarding children’s positive behaviour. It is a necessity for a care provider to reward positive behaviour as positive reinforcement is vital for a child’s development. If you only punish a child for negative behaviour and not rewarding positive behaviour as well it will make the child develop a distort view of cause and affect, leaving them unsure of what is positive behaviour. This will then lead onto the child acting in a negative way in order to receive attention as it’s the only way they know how to get attention. Encouraging and rewarding positive behaviour balances out this problem and makes children want to try and receive positive rewards. The child will learn that doing something good will give them the right attention that they deserve and less likely to act out in a negative way for attention. Rewarding a child for their good behaviour encourages them to want to try new things so that they can receive even more praise therefore giving them more confidence and self-esteem. The confidence to try new things allows the child to learn new things and develop in many different ways. Care givers should be aware that not all rewards have to be big and a simple high five and a smile or a sticker will encourage a child to maintain good behaviour. For example if a child is learning how to write the letters, saying â€Å"well done† and giving the child after each attempt will make them want to keep trying until the can write the letter correctly. Describe behaviour problems that children and young children may display at different ages and that should be referred to others. Whom should these be referred to? Young children may develop a number of different â€Å"behaviour problems† during their development. A common behaviour problem is biting which normally starts around the age of 18 months. Although it may seem as if the child is being aggressive it is important for care providers to remember that it is a form of exploration, children use their mouths to explore as it is one of the most developed parts of their bodies. Infants don’t have self-control at this young age so they could bite someone when they feel excited or even for no reason and because they see something close that they can bite. When this trait continues when the child is a toddler it is still out of frustration, if a child is unable to communicate using their words they get frustrated not being able to get their message across therefore bite instead. Care providers should speak together with the child’s parents or guardian in rder to devise a plan of action on how to handle the situation. However if the situation is still a behaviour problem for a child who is over the age of 3 years it will be taken more seriously as the main causes for biting are no self-control and lack of communication but at this age most children have both of these qualities so their reason for biting may be different such as attention seeking. Further help may need to be asked for by a specialist in behaviour management in order to find a speci fic solution for the behaviour problem. Temper tantrums occur for most toddlers. The reason that temper tantrums are used as the child gets frustrated that they can’t control their environment around them and the actions of others. For example if a child asks to go and play outside but the care providers at their nursery tells them no they would throw themselves on the floor and shout, the beginning of their tantrum. Language has not fully developed for toddlers so they may not understand why they may not be allowed to do what they wish. It has been shown through studying young children that a high percentage of children will snatch toys, push other children over or fight with other children. They may not have reached the stage in their development when they understand some things are theirs, some things belong to others and some things are shared between children (for example nursery toys) At the age of 5 years this is when a child would transition into school. This may be due to separation anxiety or having to interact with people they are not familiar with. Trouble adapting to their new environment could cause behaviour problems such as not wanting to operate with the new rules in their school. However at the age of 5 language is much more developed and parents can explain to the child and reassure them to make them feel more comfortable and get used to their new environment. Although they have come very far in their development by this age there are still more things for a child to achieve from the age of five years. This can result in the child becoming very frustrated with themselves if they can’t do something â€Å"perfectly† as they may not get the results they want when completing a task such as drawing a picture of their parents. At the age of five years the child may also try to test limits as they are exploring their independence. This will be shown through talking about or simple not listening to instructions when told to do something. Whining and tantrums are also sometimes still common at this age as the child has only recently left pre-school and have not developed enough to understand that there are other ways of expressing themselves. In order to resolve this behaviour problem it is down to the school to keep reminding the child what is expected of them and try to encourage and reward positiove behaviour. Talking to parents is key as you can work together to try and resolve a problem that may only be temporary due to the child’s age. It is important for both parents and child providers to remember tat what may seem like disobedience may simple be a lack or language or lack of attention and most cases of â€Å"disruptive behaviour† will be grown out of as the child develops in all aspects. For example a child of two and a half years has not developed many communication skills so growls at the other children in the pre school instead of talking. Although this behaviour is unacceptable the child should simple be spoken explaining that its not nice and focus on the underlying problem which is the speech elay and try to encourage the speech instead. If through the helkp of the care providers at the pre school and the parents can’t speed along the speech then a speech and language specialist may be needed in order to help the child.

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Essay - 922 Words

The Marriage of Heaven Hell William Blake The Romantic Period We, as members of the human race, have been endowed with five senses. We have the ability to reason and to be reasonable. We are able to present, receive, and mentally process information logically. The period in history when the importance of these innate functions was stressed is known as the Age of Reason, or the Enlightenment. Also important to this age was the use of science, scientific methods, and theories. This period in history lasted until roughly 1774. The Romantic Period followed period of Enlightenment. This age was the exact opposite of the Enlightenment. Tremendous importance was placed on the imagination. The authors, poets, and artists of†¦show more content†¦The most significant example of Blakes illustration of the prophetic is his ‘conversation with Isaiah and Ezekiel Ââ€" two biblical prophets/poets (12-13). Blake then becomes prophet himself in Plate 14 when claims to have heard from hell that, The ancient tradition that the world will be con sumed in fire at the end of six thousand years is true. This ‘prophecy is based on 2 Peter 3:8 of the Christian Bible. The romantic period is also characterized by motifs that are almost always present. One that is extremely prevalent in Blake The Marriage of Heaven Hell is the cult of genius. According to the poets of the Romantic Era, one had to possess poetic genius in order to be a poet. Blake refers to this a lot in this particular poem. For example, in Plate 6, he says, As I was walking among the fires of hell, delighted with the enjoyments of Genius:. . . Blake, like most of the poets in this era, had no problem admitting that they were poetic geniuses. Actually, they prided in this idea. Another motif that is often found in the literature of this era is nature, or nostalgia. There are references to nature just about everywhere you look in this poem. The first few are located in the first plate. Blake references roses where thorns grow, a river, a spring, singing h oneybees, and the wilds where lions roam. There can also be found constant references to nature in the Proverbs of Hell, especially those in Plate 7. EvenShow MoreRelated The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Essay2342 Words   |  10 PagesThe Marriage of Heaven and Hell Although many of the Romantic poets displayed a high degree of anxiety concerning the way in which their works were produced and transmitted to an audience, few, if any, fretted quite as much as William Blake did. Being also a highly accomplished engraver and printer, he was certainly the only one of the Romantics to be able to completely move beyond mere fretting. Others may have used their status or wealth to exert their influence upon the production process,Read MoreThe Marriage Of Heaven And Hell By William Blake1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, William Blake explored and solidified his divergent religious beliefs through beautiful etchings and poetry. Blake had relatively nothing at stake in his opposition to the norm; he had been judged as an insane person for the majority of his life. However, Blake’s resistance to traditional Christian tenets was only part of his socioreligious defiance. Blake spoke against the very mode of popular thought through his writing, a revolutionary style of prose and nontraditionalRead More Blakes The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Essay2511 Words   |  11 PagesBlakes The Marriage of Heaven and Hell      Ã‚   The Nature of my Work is Visionary or Imaginative; it is an Endeavor to Restore what the Ancients calld the Golden Age. -William Blake (Johnson/Grant,xxiv).    William Blake completed the manuscript of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, as well as the twenty-five accompanying engraved plates, in 1792. In the sense that the The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is a vision of a particular version of reality, it subscribes to one definition ofRead MoreRomanticism in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell by William Blake1393 Words   |  6 Pagesaspects of Romanticism in his poem The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, by including themes such as the supernatural, love of nature, and lastly, imagination. In the poem The Marriage of Heaven and Hell by William Blake, one of his most prominent and obvious themes of Romanticism is that of the supernatural. The word supernatural means attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding of the laws of nature (Merriam-Webster). The Marriage of Heaven and Hell was Blakes way of taking his emotionsRead MoreRomantic Characteristics in Blakes The Marriage of Heaven and Hell525 Words   |  3 Pagestime period. One of his most controversial works, â€Å"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell† explores three of the most prominent romantic themes in his works: the battle between good and evil, the presence of the supernatural and an affinity for nature. Most likely inspired by Emanuel Swedenborg’s â€Å"Heaven and Hell†, Blake used common romantic symbolism to demonstrate the prophetic meanings of the pieces in the book. In â€Å"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell†, Blake alludes to the idea that, â€Å"Attraction and RepulsionRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Midsummer Night s Dream1707 Words   |  7 Pagesusage in Midsummer Night’s Dream is full of strong metaphors to help emphasis important laws on human nature. A perfect example of a metaphor Shakespeare uses to shake up our understanding on people is when Hermia states, â€Å"That he hath turn’d a heaven unto a hell!† while exchanging words with Helena. This metaphor was used by Hermia in an attempt to explain the strength of her love for Lysander and to ease Helena’s uneasy mind. Her uneasy mind was apparent upon the initial greeting offered by HermiaRead MoreThe 9 Layers Of Hell Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesjourney through Hell, purgatory and finally Heaven. Dante utilizes the notion of hell to encourage, admonish and warn his readers of the contrapasso of their sins, the different layers of hell, and famous leaders of his time. This essay is an exposition, interpretation and critical an alysis of the 9 layers of Hell depicted in Dante’s epic, the Inferno. To begin Dante’s trip to heaven to be with his one true love Beatrice, he must first travel through hell. Directly through the gates of hell is the outlyingRead MoreChristianity in Shakespears Hamlet1148 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare writes the play. Reformation and Renaissance opinions are reflected throughout. Shakespeare deals with very controversial attitudes and religious questions dealing with death, the existence of purgatory, morality, murder, suicide and marriage in his play Hamlet. It is obvious throughout the play that Hamlet’s life is guided by his faith and his religious beliefs. At first, Hamlet sees the ghost of his dead father and vows to avenge his death. â€Å"Christianity forbids followers to seekRead MoreDeity and Practices of Catholicism vs. Christianity Essay590 Words   |  3 PagesEucharist, Confirmation, Marriage, Anointing the sick, Holy Orders, and Confession. Some branches of Christianity believe in practicing their sacraments, but it is not widely practiced throughout the religion. However, Christians do believe in Baptism, Communion, and Marriage. Like the two previous examples that this work has provided, the topic of life after death varies with Catholicism and Christianity. Catholics believe that when a person dies, they will either go to Heaven or Hell. One may say, â€Å"WellRead MoreHell-Heaven and The Yellow Wallpaper1087 Words   |  5 PagesIn the short stories Hell-Heaven by Jhumpa Lahiri and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman both stories convey similar theme. Gilman’s short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, tells a story of a mentally unstable wife, while Lahiri’s short story, Hell-Heaven, informs us about a mother and daughters story from the perspective of her daughter. The characters from both stories come from different cultures but one thing they both have in common is their roles. They marry with the purpose of serving

The Buddha And The Founder Of Buddhism - 1237 Words

After reading the book and doing some online research which you can check below under sources which is where I got all my information. I have read and completely understood the story of Siddhartha also known as the Buddha the founder of Buddhism. And one of the stories from a different religion that I can compare to the story of Siddhartha Gautama Is the story of Jesus Christ. The founder of Christianity and is the most famous myth in Christian religion. I can compare both because of the way Buddha and Jesus was born. They both came from a different country and womb but they do have the similarities of how they were both born. Like Jesus, Siddhartha was believed to be a miracle child from an unknown deity. As for Jesus case, it was the†¦show more content†¦They were both a prince and both of them had married have a family and a child. Which they both abandoned and casted away from after their eyes had been opened to the reality of the world. They both traveled seeking for te achings, truth, enlightenment, liberation and inner peace. They both practiced extreme asceticism, begged for food and last but not least they found the answers they’ve been looking for while they’re meditating. In Buddha’s case, he sat under the Bodhi tree. Starving and weakening and while meditating â€Å"he reached a state of profound understanding, called his Awakening, or Enlightenment (bodhi). He saw suffering, aging, and death in a new way, recognizing them as an inevitable part of life, but also seeing the possibility of release†. (Molloy, 2012) This is where Siddhartha got the name Buddha means â€Å"the Awaken One† taken from a Sanskrit word â€Å"to wake up†. On the other hand, on Mahavira’s case, He spent 12 years doing hundreds of meditations and fasting Mahavira was able to attain the total freedom from the cycle of birth, life, pain, misery, and death itself. â€Å"He achieved the permanent blissful state of oneâ€℠¢s self which is also known as the great liberation (Moksha) meaning the absolute freedom†. And right after their enlightenment and the great liberation. They both lived the rest years of their lives preaching their faith and belief to people. Furthermore, also passing down this faith and teaching it to theirShow MoreRelatedBuddha And The Founder Of Buddhism1118 Words   |  5 Pagesnever leaves† This quote from Siddhartha Gautama, known as Buddha and the founder of Buddhism, is a perfect representation of Buddhist beliefs. Buddhism is a strict religion with various guidelines one must follow. The Buddhists believe that they are each born-again many times and their main goal is to end this cycle of rebirth. One can do so by living each life better than the last, in hopes of releasing____________ Siddhartha Gautama, Buddha, was born in Nepal, where he had a wealthy family withRead MoreComparison of Hinduism and Buddhism Essay772 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is no founder for this religion. This religion developed over four thousand years ago. There is no author for this religions scared literature. This religion is believed to originate around 2000 B.C. on the continent of India. This religion is considered one of the longest surviving religions. The first people to practice this religious belief are the Indus Valley Civilization (Bass, 2014). Origin of Buddhism The religion of Buddhism originated around six century B.C.E. the founder of this religionRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hinduism and Buddhism Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesHinduism and Buddhism Some people may think that Hinduism and Buddhism are the same religions with just two different names. They aren’t, Buddhism and Hinduism both have different types of rituals, holidays, founders, and so-on. The two extensive religions of Hinduism and Buddhism have lots of information behind themselves. They are made up of cultures, rituals, practices, and many other things. â€Å"Hinduism is a collection of religious beliefs that developed slowly over a long period of timeRead MoreThe Differences Between Buddhism and Hinduism Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesBoth Buddhism and Hinduism are well known religions. They are two of the most popular polytheistic faiths in the world. Some people believe them to be sects of the same religion, but they are mistaken. Buddhism and Hinduism have some similarities, but many things set them apart from each other as well. They are each their own religion in many aspects. Buddhism and Hinduism come from the same region, India. Both of them are very focused on nature, the things around them, though they both believeRead MoreThe Secular Age683 Words   |  3 Pagesbeautiful and expansive religion of Buddhism. It is my intention, throughout the course of my paper, to explain the main tenants of Buddhism, the history of the religion, and provide insight on the culture of the religion. Approximately 350 million people in the world today are practicing Buddhist, making Buddhism the world’s fourth largest religion. However Buddhism has an influence even greater than the number of its adherents would indicate. From the time that its founder, Siddhartha Gautama, preachedRead MoreIs Buddhism A Buddhist Or Not A Christian?1192 Words   |  5 Pageslife. That’s why today we have a religion called Buddhism. It’s one of the major religion after christianism, Islam and Hinduism. According to a projection made by The Pew Research Center:â€Å" The number of Buddhists around the world is expected to increase between 2010 and 2030, rising from 488 million to about 511 million.† When I take deeper look on those facts about Buddhism I asked myself two questions that need to be answered : What is Buddhism? Why do people choose to become a Buddhist and notRead MoreThe Buddha Vairocana And Buddhism1598 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism was introduced int o Japan in Nara Period through Korea, with only some scripts in Chinese writing. At the time, Japanese find their country in lack of civilization like writing and cultural religion. By sending people to China to accept more doctrine from foreign countries, different Buddhism schools are developed later in time. During the end of Heian Period, one of the popular sect is dedicated to Shingon, which is established by a monk named â€Å"Kukai†. Buddha Vairocana is one of many BuddhasRead MoreBuddhism And The Teachings Of Buddhism969 Words   |  4 PagesGautama. The religion is 2,500 years old and is followed by 350 million Buddhists worldwide. Buddhism is the main religion in many Asian countries. It is a religion about suffering and the need to get rid of it. A key concept of Buddhism is Nirvana, the most enlightened, and blissful state that one can achieve. A state without suffering. Place of Origin North East India Founder Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha) Sacred Text Tripitaka Sacred Building Stupa Major Festivals Wesak Main Branches (Denominations)Read MoreExploring A Religious Subculture : Buddhism777 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion on researching a religious subculture: Buddhism. History In 624 BC, a future Buddha and founder of Buddhism, who would eventually be named by his mother and father as Shakyamuni, was born into a royal Shakya family (About Buddhism). The King Shuddhodana and Queen Mahamaya had many predictions of their son extraordinary life; it as predicted that he son would one day become â€Å"either a Chakravartin, a universal monarch, or an â€Å"awakened one,† a Buddha† (The Kagyu Office, 2016). Before ShakyamuniRead MoreBuddhism and Hinduism881 Words   |  3 PagesSome awesome title I make Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the most philosophical religions around the world. Both religions stem from India before the Common Era and hold ranks as being one of the top five main religions around the world, therefore, having similar origins and philosophies. Hinduism places third as an organized religion and is much older than Buddhism. Hinduism and Buddhism have lasted for centuries and today is widely practiced among the world. Hinduism is considered to be monotheistic

The Ethnography Nuer Journey, Nuer Lives By Jon Hertzman

Immigration is building block to the United States culture. For decades, the United States was viewed as a land of opportunity, a land of hope for those seeking a better life. In the ethnography Nuer Journeys, Nuer Lives written by Jon Hertzman describes the Nuer’s journey and acclimation to the United States. In the preface of his ethnography, Hertzman recognizes that the immigration of these peoples took place over decades and as an anthropologist he studies how the Nuer adapt to the way of life in the United States. Throughout Nuer Journeys, Nuer Lives, Hertzman encounters the concepts of Marriage, Family, and Kinship and Gender as they are outlined in Essential of Cultural Anthropology. For anyone, moving to a new place brings up feelings of nervousness and uncertainty. This is definitely true for the Nuer people. After leaving their home villages, many were placed in different refugee camps and then dispersed across the United States of America. Leaving behind much of what they know, all they have left is each other. Many of the Nuer people became what The Essentials of Cultural Anthropology describes as a kin group, â€Å"a group of people who culturally consider themselves to be relatives, cooperate in certain activities, and share a sense of identity as kinfolk† (Bailey and Peoples, 161). As villages and families were separated, the people began to form new, smaller communities. The Nuer people were relocated to different areas across the United States, but after a